1 Introduction Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) refers to pathological alterations affecting penetrating arterioles, capillaries, and small venules, resulting in widespread gray and white matter injury [1]. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CSVD manifests as a spectrum of imaging markers, including white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), recent subcortical small infarcts (RSSIs), lacunes, enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS), and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) [2].