CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare no conflict of interest. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT In this study, public datasets were downloaded and analysed, discovering and repeating two-stage eQTL and pQTL data were sourced from different databases and previously published articles as cited in the Methods section (see Table for details). GWAS data for T1DM and its complications were obtained from the IEU OpenGWAS database (accession number: ebi-a-GCST90014023) and the FinnGen database.
