Abstract Introduction: Conversion therapy may create an opportunity for liver resection in selected patients with initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but reported conversion rates use heterogeneous denominators and endpoints. We estimated actual completed hepatectomy using a verified all-treated denominator. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Library/CENTRAL, Wanfang Data, and CNKI were searched through April 10, 2026.
