1 Introduction Liver cancer is the sixth most common malignant tumour worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality (1). Common risk factors include viral infections, such as hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), chronic liver diseases (CLD) such as cirrhosis, alcoholism, and metabolic disorders including diabetes (2). Early-stage liver cancer often presents with subtle symptoms, and by the time it is diagnosed, it is typically at an advanced stage.
