Introduction SLE is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by widespread immune dysregulation, leading to autoantibody production and multi-organ injury (1–5). Among its most severe complications is LN, which develops in up to 40% of patients and is a primary determinant of morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in therapy, 5–20% of LN patients progress to end-stage renal disease within a decade, highlighting the critical need for early and accurate diagnosis (6–8).
