1 Introduction Nutritional status is increasingly recognized as an important determinant of susceptibility to, and progression of, chronic cardiovascular diseases because nutrient availability influences immune regulation and cellular energy metabolism (DeBerge et al. 2023; Thorp and Karlstaedt 2024). Micronutrient deficiencies have been linked to impaired mitochondrial function and disrupted redox balance, processes implicated in chronic cardiovascular disorders (Qiu et al. 2025).
