INTRODUCTION Postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP) is a common metabolic bone disorder in postmenopausal women, characterized by reduced bone mass, deterioration of bone microarchitecture, and increased risk of fractures.1 Calcium homeostasis is essential for maintaining bone mineralization and skeletal health and is regulated through the coordinated processes of bone remodeling, intestinal calcium absorption, and renal calcium reabsorption.2 Among these processes, the kidney plays an important...
