ABSTRACT To compare and rank exercise, nutritional supplementation, and combined interventions on serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in older adults with sarcopenia and/or frailty.We searched English (Web of Science, Cochrane, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus) and Chinese (CNKI, Wanfang) databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Interventions were categorized as Control, Nutrition, Aerobic Training (AT), Resistance Training (RT), Combined Training (CT), RT+Nutrition, and CT+Nutrition.
