Supporting Information Filename Description jems12601-sup-0001-Appendix.docx109.4 KB Supplementary information. REFERENCES , , , & (2018). Measuring the gig economy: Current knowledge and open issues [National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series No. 24950]. https://doi.org/10.3386/w24950 , & (1996). Firms' use of outside contractors: Theory and evidence. Journal of Labor Economics, 14(3), 394–424. , & (2006). Outsourcing and offshoring of business services: How important is ict?