ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Ascl1 achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1 ATP adenosine triphosphate BBB blood–brain barrier Bcl-2 B-cell lymphoma 2 CD11b cluster of differentiation 11b CMR contact-mediated repulsion CNS central nervous system CSPG chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan DAMPs diverse damage-associated molecular patterns DSCAMs down syndrome cell adhesion molecules (DSCAMs) EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid GFAP glial...