Introduction In the most recent decade, China has witnessed a resurgence of urban cycling in major metropolitan areas spearheaded by different bicycle sharing schemes. Dockless bicycle sharing was introduced in major Chinese cities in 2016 and has proliferated rapidly. Compared to traditional public bikeshare schemes, dockless bikeshare requires no fixed docks and allows for picking up and parking almost anywhere, which provide users with more flexibility (Jia and Fu, 2019; Sun et al., 2024).
