1 Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) is changing how university students access information, complete academic tasks, and participate in knowledge construction (Katsamakas et al. 2024; Yang 2026; Zhang and Liu 2026). In AI-supported learning environments, students can obtain explanations and feedback immediately, develop ideas, and personalise learning activities in both formal and informal academic settings (Karataş et al. 2025; Liu et al. 2025; Yang and Yang 2026).