1. Introduction Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that severely threatens human health []. Exposure to Cd may lead to serious chronic diseases, including lung cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, kidney injury, and liver disease [,]. Since soil Cd pollution presents characteristics such as aggregation, elimination difficulty, concealment, and high environmental mobility, it can rapidly accumulate in the food chain of the soil–water environment (plant) and the human body [,].
