1 Introduction Lung cancer remains one of the most prevalent and lethal malignancies globally.1 According to the 2024 global cancer burden statistics, approximately 2.48 million new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed worldwide in 2022, resulting in 1.82 million deaths, representing 12.4% of all cancer-related fatalities.2 In China, lung cancer accounted for 1.06 million new cases and 733 000 deaths in the same year, ranking first in both incidence and mortality among malignancies.2 Small...
