1 Introduction In the United States, the prevalence of obesity has been consistently rising, with significant disparities across different socio-economic and geographic groups. In the United States, 69% of adults are overweight or have obesity, and the global prevalence of obesity is increasing, with profound implications for healthcare systems and mortality rates (Wang et al. 2020; Malcolm et al. 2018). Obesity, especially central obesity, is closely associated with various adverse health outcomes.
