Abadi Mehari Abrha

1 Introduction Global environmental change poses serious challenges to wildlife populations. Migratory species are particularly susceptible to environmental changes because they move across large distances with vastly different ecological conditions and threats (Morrison et al. 2010; Yanco et al. 2021). For example, population trends may be driven by factors in disparate breeding or non-breeding areas, or both concurrently (Cooper et al. 2024; Morrison et al. 2013; Scarpignato et al. 2021).

1 INTRODUCTION Among the 34 Earth's biodiversity hotspots, the Eastern Afromontane hotspot, including the Ethiopian Highlands, ranks fourth by a number of endemic plant and vertebrate families and genera (Mittermeier et al., 2004). Next to the Guinea-Congo Forests biome, the second-highest number of biome-confined bird species are found in the Afrotropical Highlands biome (BirdLife International, 2004).