Abdul Ghani Olabi

1. Introduction Energy is a pivotal factor in driving worldwide economic and industrial advancement. The majority of global energy generation relies on conventional fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas [1]. Heightened environmental apprehensions, diminishing reserves, and soaring energy costs have spurred efforts to explore renewable energy alternatives. Among the various forms of renewable energy, photovoltaic solar power is demonstrating reliability.

1. Introduction In recent years, the increasing focus on sustainable energy solutions has led to significant advancements in the field of energy saving in buildings. Various technologies and innovations have revolutionized the way buildings consume and conserve energy, including smart windows [1], high-performance insulations [2], energy-efficient HVAC systems [3], renewable energy integration [4], and passive designs [5].

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