Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Citation: Mushtaq R, Iqbal M, Khaliq A, Iqbal J (2025) Optimal design of a hybrid ship energy management system under various sea conditions using Model Predictive Control. PLoS One 20(7): e0326969. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326969 Editor: Dhanamjayulu C, Vellore Institute of Technology, INDIA Received: December 16, 2024; Accepted: June 7, 2025; Published: July 2, 2025 Copyright: © 2025 Mushtaq et al.