AbuBakr Bahaj

1. Introduction According to the 2021 UN Human Development Report, Sudan ranks 171st amongst the 191 countries in terms of the Human Development Index (HDI) []. This poor performance across the socio-economic development parameters is partly attributed to electricity access levels in the Sudan []. Sudan’s electrification rate in 2022 was 63.2% of the population, in terms of having access to electricity services, with access in urban centers at 84% compared with 49% in rural areas [].

1. Introduction The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is a fossil-fuel-dominated economy; 64.5% of its total energy is supplied by oil and 35.5% is supplied by gas, with all other sources making a negligible contribution (<0.05%). In 2021, 41.3% of its electricity generation came from oil, 58.4% came from gas, and 0.2% came from solar photovoltaics (PVs) [1].

1. Introduction Fast tidal currents of interest for power generation often occur close to islands or headlands, where flow separation can occur and cause large areas of recirculation, extending over many kilometres. This is the case for a number of sites identified as having high potential for development, notably the Pentland Firth to the south of the island of Stroma [1–3]; at Portland [4] (a headland on the south coast of the UK) and Alderney [5] (an island in the Normandy-Brittany Gulf).