Abubakr Mohammed

1 Introduction The promise of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is fundamentally a promise of transformation, a pledge to forge pathways out of poverty, inequality, and vulnerability by building resilient human capabilities (Oke et al. 2021; Yue et al. 2025). At the heart of this ambition lies Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4): the commitment to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all (UNESCO 2026a, 2026b; UNICEF 2026).

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References , and . 2003. “The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of the Basque Country.” American Economic Review 93, no. 1: 113–132. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455188. , , , and . 2024. “Climate Change and Terrorism: Exploring Boko Haram's Recruitment in Nigeria.” IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies 25, no. 2: 1–26. , and . 2024.

Y., I. N.Ajide, and A.Mohammed. 2026. “Internal Displacement, Urbanization Pressure, and Sustainable Development Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) Performance in Africa.” Sustainable Development1–16. Zhang, https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.71029. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References , , , et al. 2023.