Ad Rian Chong

1 Introduction Pulmonary aspergilloma, commonly termed fungal ball, is a non-invasive form of pulmonary aspergillosis. It typically results from saprophytic fungal colonisation of pre-existing lung cavities secondary to conditions such as tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. These fungal balls are composed of Aspergillus hyphae, conidia, necrotic debris, and mucus, and are most often due to Aspergillus fumigatus, although other species may be implicated [1].

1 Introduction Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a malignant lymphoproliferative disorder primarily involving the lymph nodes. While endobronchial HL has been reported, it is usually observed in patients already diagnosed with HL. Endobronchial HL as the initial presentation of the disease is uncommon, seen in only 7% of patients [1]. Cavitating lung lesions are exceedingly rare in untreated HL.

INTRODUCTION Angiosarcoma is a rare form of sarcoma originating from the endothelial cells, accounting for only 1%–2% of all soft tissue sarcomas.1 While angiosarcoma can develop in various body sites, it most commonly affects cutaneous tissues, particularly in the head and neck region, as well as soft tissues, visceral organs, bones, and the retroperitoneum.2 Primary pleural angiosarcoma (PPA) is especially rare and is known for its aggressive behaviour and poor prognosis.3, 4 Diagnosis is...