Ait Haddou

1. Introduction An architectural project, as a process, extends over several phases, from programming to delivery, and requires the involvement of a large number of participants from several fields. These participants are obliged to work collectively to accomplish the various tasks involved in the project. Drawings and 2D plans are used for the design of the project, and the drawings of the plans are made by hand or with the help of CAD software (computer aided design).

Abstract : The energy balance differences between urban and rural areas give rise to a representative phenomenon of urban climate change called the urban heat island (UHI). The UHI phenomenon, which is exacerbated by global warming effects and urban expansion, exposes urban areas and populations to thermal stress and overheating. Therefore, measuring the intensity of UHI vulnerability is needed to mitigate its effects on health, comfort, energy consumption and infrastructure.