ORIGINAL RESEARCH article Volume 12 - 2025 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1741322 Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from various tissues such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, placenta, intestine, nervous tissue and heart (1, 2). MSCs are clinically important due to their ability to self-renew, differentiate into a variety of different cell types, and regulate inflammatory and immunomodulatory processes (3–6).