Aldo Barreiro

1 Introduction Extreme climatic events (ECEs) linked to climate change such as heatwaves pose significant challenges for biodiversity (Jacox et al. 2020; Maxwell et al. 2019; Parmesan, Root, and Willig 2000; Pinsky et al. 2019; Ummenhofer and Meehl 2017). ECEs have been associated with the increased frequency of mass mortality events (MMEs), accelerating species demographic decline (Bramanti et al.

Abstract Extreme climatic events (ECEs), such as marine heatwaves (MHWs), are a major threat to biodiversity. Understanding the variability in ecological responses to recurrent ECEs within species and underlying drivers arise as a key issue owing to their implications for conservation and restoration. Yet, our knowledge on such ecological responses is limited since it has been mostly gathered following ″single-event approaches″ focused on one particular event.