Alejandro Carnicer-Lombarte

Abstract Spinal cord injury affects over 2.5 million people worldwide, yet current neuroprosthetic strategies remain fragmented, addressing motor, sensory, or autonomic function in isolation. Here we show that a single ultrathin circumferential electrode array, conforming to the spinal cord without penetrating neural tissue, can simultaneously decode motor intent, classify sensory inputs, and discriminate visceral sensory inputs.

1 Introduction Bioelectronics, the integration of biology and electronics,[1] is revolutionizing bioengineering and healthcare by advancing the development of wearable and implantable devices as well as in vitro biological applications.[2] Bioelectronics integrates concepts from electronics, materials science, and engineering to develop innovative technologies for interfacing with biological systems.

1 Introduction Extracellular electrophysiology, facilitated by microelectrode arrays (MEAs), plays a pivotal role in neuroscience.[1] Compared to intracellular electrodes, these arrays can probe and stimulate large neuronal ensembles with high temporal resolution.[2, 3] Dense layouts of microelectrodes also enable the characterization of neuronal circuits at the scale of individual neurons.[4, 5] Despite significant advancements over the years, microelectrodes have been limited to the use of...