1Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 2Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia 3Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia DOI 10.7717/peerj.17786 Academic Editor Cristina Capusa Subject Areas Bioengineering, Nephrology, Radiology and Medical Imaging, Computational Science Keywords Retinal photography, Retinal imaging, Fundus image,...