Ali Mokhtari

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) shows promise in analyzing patterns of nail disease. This prospective, comparative study compared the diagnostic performance of dermatologists with that of large language models (LLMs). We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of dermatologists and four freely available multimodal LLMs (GPT-4o, Grok 3, Claude Sonnet 4, and Gemini 2.5 Flash) using clinical images of nail diseases.

1 Introduction Binary systems have reached their limit. Multi-valued logic (MVL) can be a potential solution to overcome the limitations of binary logic [1]. Analogous to the binary logic family, the MVL family encompasses two types of circuitries: logical circuits and arithmetic circuits. The adoption of MVL-based computational technology enhances processing power, data transfer rate, and data storage capacity compared to the current binary technology.