Andrey V. Karasev

1 Introduction Slag foaming is a critical practice in the electric arc furnace process (EAF) to increase productivity, enhance energy efficiency, reduce noise, reduce electrode consumption, and prolong refractory lifetime.[1] A foamy slag also intensifies the reaction between molten slag and steel, thus accelerating the rate of steel refining (e.g., desulfurization and dephosphorization).

Nyckelord: TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER; ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY; calcium treatment; castability; clogging; data-driven; steelmaking; Materials Science and Engineering; Teknisk materialvetenskap; Sammanfattning: In this work, innovative data-driven process models were designed, developed, and examined online for their application in the steel industry.

1 Introduction In 2019, the steel industry generated 7% of the global energy-related CO2 emissions and was the largest CO2-emitting heavy industry.[1] It has been estimated that 89% of the CO2 emissions concentrated in the primary steelmaking processes[2] since these processes produced the majority (78%) of the crude steel in the world and on average consumed 2.3 times more energy than producing steel from scrap.[1, 3] Although secondary steelmaking has lower direct CO2 emissions, its...