Angiza Shahim

Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a global public health issue leading to reduced functional status and quality of life, recurrent hospitalizations and high mortality.1 In patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), several guideline-recommended HF therapies are available, including renin–angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI, i.e. angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers), angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), beta-blockers,...

Introduction Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by extensive comorbidities.1 The detailed causes and sub-categories of death and hospitalization and the impact of comorbidities on cause-specific outcomes, remain poorly understood. This presents important challenges in trial design and may explain why multiple HFpEF drug trials have failed.