IM intra muscular IV intra venously kPa kilo pascal 1 INTRODUCTION The recovery phase is critical for horses under general anesthesia as serious complications can occur, such as fractures, joint dislocations, respiratory obstruction, neuropathies, or myopathies.1 The mortality rates have been reported to be 0.6% to 1.6% and 0.9% to 3.4% in non-colic-related and colic-related surgeries, respectively, of which 25.6% were caused by recovery-associated fractures.2-4 The reported mortality rate in...