Introduction Ageing is the strongest risk factor for chronic metabolic and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide (Goetzman et al., 2023; Tsao et al., 2022). CVDs continue to be the leading cause of mortality in the USA and are possibly the main reason for the stagnant growth in life expectancy, accounting for ∼930,000 deaths in 2020 (Tsao et al., 2022).