INTRODUCTION 2023 was the warmest year after the first temperature record in 1850.1 High temperature increases stress levels and cause a decrease in water resources and an increase in agricultural salinity.2, 3 The combined effects of these stressors lead to the inactivation of key enzymes, denaturation, and precipitation of proteins, membrane integrity disruption, protein synthesis inhibition, oxidative stress, membrane damage, lipid peroxidation, pigment bleaching, and degradation of DNA...
