Ans Al Rashid

1 Introduction Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing (3DP), is a layer-by-layer fabrication technique [1] that enables the creation of intricate structures with customized properties using a wide range of materials, including polymers, ceramics, metals, and composites [2-4].

1 Introduction Machine learning (ML)-based modeling has become a powerful method to understand and predict the complex relationships between processing conditions, material structure, and mechanical performance [1, 2]. These data-driven approaches significantly accelerate design cycles and reduce reliance on costly physical testing. They also offer a scalable pathway toward process-performance optimization [3, 4].

1. Introduction Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer commonly used in tissue engineering and bone regeneration. It is a promising material for these applications because it can be easily processed into various shapes and structures, such as scaffolds, films, and fibers [1,2,3,4]. Additionally, PLA can be combined with other biomaterials, such as growth factors, to enhance its ability to support the growth and differentiation of cells.