Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description joc70121-sup-0001-Figures.docxWord 2007 document , 1.7 MB Figure S1: Independent influence of the El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) after removing the Arctic Oscillation (ENSO|AO) on monthly extreme SIC over the Arctic Ocean for ERA5 reanalysis dataset during the period 1979–2024. Regression coefficients of seasonal extremes are obtained from the GEV analysis.