Aoxing Chen

1 Introduction Non-small-cell-lung cancer (NSCLC) ranks among the leading malignancies worldwide in both incidence and mortality.[1] Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has reshaped NSCLC treatment,[2-6] yet only approximately 30% of patients achieve durable clinical benefit due to primary or acquired resistance.[7-9] Key mechanisms include weak tumor immunogenicity, impaired antigen presentation, and limited effector T-cell infiltration into the tumor...