Ari Kahn
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Articles by Ari Kahn
Understanding Brain-Computer Interfaces training:a longitudinal and multimodal dataset
Abstract Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are devices that translate brain activity into commands for control or communication that present many clinical applications. However, the ability to control a BCI remains a learned skill that a non-negligible proportion cannot acquire after several sessions. Identifying the causes of such inter-variability is still an open avenue.
Developmental Change in Structure Learning Reflects a Shift From Recency-Based to Relational Prediction
1 Introduction Across development, experiences in the world unfold in a continuous, temporal stream. This stream of experiences tends to have rich structure that can be exploited to guide predictions about the future and subsequent behavior. Across repetitions of structured streams of input, people form temporal associations between their experiences, grouping them into more abstract event representations or “temporal schemas” (Ghosh and Gilboa 2014; Schapiro et al. 2013; Schapiro et al. 2016).
Trial-by-trial learning of successor representations in human behavior
Citation: Kahn AE, Bassett DS, Daw ND (2025) Trial-by-trial learning of successor representations in human behavior. PLoS Comput Biol 21(11): e1013696. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013696 Editor: Wolfgang Einhäuser, Technische Universitat Chemnitz, GERMANY Received: February 10, 2025; Accepted: November 3, 2025; Published: November 17, 2025 Copyright: © 2025 Kahn et al.
Publisher Correction: Humans rationally balance detailed and temporally abstract world models - Communications Psychology
Correction to: Communications Psychology https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-024-00169-3, published online 04 January 2025 In the version of this article initially published, ampersands were missing in equation (2), now reading “actionTowardsSample ~ 1 + rwd + sibNoRwd + onPolicy + rwd & sibNoRwd + rwd & onPolicy,” while the positive and negative terms (+, –) in the "Blockwise change analysis" section were formatted incorrectly as plus or minus operators.
Network structure influences the strength of learned neural representations - Nature Communications
Abstract From sequences of discrete events, humans build mental models of their world. Referred to as graph learning, the process produces a model encoding the graph of event-to-event transition probabilities. Recent evidence suggests that some networks are easier to learn than others, but the neural underpinnings of this effect remain unknown.
Trial-by-trial learning of successor representations in human behavior
Abstract Decisions in humans and other organisms depend, in part, on learning and using models that capture the statistical structure of the world, including the long-run expected outcomes of our actions. One prominent approach to forecasting such long-run outcomes is the successor representation (SR), which predicts future states aggregated over multiple timesteps.
Hippocampal representations of alternative possibilities are flexibly generated to meet cognitive demands
Abstract The cognitive ability to go beyond the present to consider alternative possibilities, including potential futures and counterfactual pasts, can support adaptive decision making. Complex and changing real-world environments, however, have many possible alternatives. Whether and how the brain can select among them to represent alternatives that meet current cognitive needs remains unknown.
Council Post: Mastering MarTech, Part 3: Your M&A Manual For Success
Dr. Ari Kahn, President and CEO, Bridgeline. Welcome to the final article of my "Mastering MarTech" series. We’ve covered deal approaches, negotiations and the significance of deferred revenue in MarTech deals. Now, let’s conclude with steps such as due diligence to closing.
Time-resolved functional connectivity during visuomotor graph learning
Abstract Humans naturally attend to patterns that emerge in our perceptual environments, building mental models that allow for future experiences to be processed more effectively and efficiently. Perceptual events and statistical relations can be represented as nodes and edges in a graph, respectively.
Council Post: Mastering MarTech, Part 2: Your M&A Manual For Success
Dr. Ari Kahn, President and CEO, Bridgeline. Welcome back to our "Mastering MarTech" series where I share my experience in mergers and acquisitions (M&A), including metrics and deal structures. In our last article, we discussed the first steps of a buy-side process. In this second article, we’ll dive into the indication of interest (IOI), giving you the basic key metrics and my favorite way to structure an earn-out.
Council Post: Mastering MarTech: Your 3-Step M&A Manual To Success
Dr. Ari Kahn, President and CEO, Bridgeline. After 27 years working in the tech industry, first as a software engineer and developer, then as a chief technology officer (CTO) and now as the CEO of Bridgeline Digital, here’s some hard-earned advice for martech entrepreneurs: Embrace M&A or find another job. Martech is overpopulated and M&A is simply the only way to survive. There are 10,000 martech companies in the U.S. alone.
Humans rationally balance detailed and temporally abstract world models
Abstract How do people model the world's dynamics to guide mental simulation and evaluate choices? One prominent approach, the Successor Representation (SR), takes advantage of temporal abstraction of future states: by aggregating trajectory predictions over multiple timesteps, the brain can avoid the costs of iterative, multi-step mental simulation.
Hebrewscriptures: The High Holy Days: Belief in Man
(Deuteronomy 29:9-31:30 ) This weekend September 16 and 17, Jews around the world have the festival of the New Year and ten days later the Day of Atonement is observed. The Rosh Hashanah - Yom Kippur season is upon us, filling our minds and hearts with so many thoughts and emotions that go beyond our normal framework.
Dual credit assignment processes underlie dopamine signals in a complex spatial environment
Highlights • Accumbens dopamine scales with the evolving values of maze locations • Dopamine place values propagate between sequentially experienced locations • Maze knowledge allows the inference of updated values even without direct experience • The discovery of novel path opportunities elicits dopamine transients Summary Animals frequently make decisions based on expectations of future reward (“values”).
Alprazolam modulates persistence energy during emotion processing in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia: a network control study | Molecular Psychiatry
Abstract Schizophrenia is marked by deficits in facial affect processing associated with abnormalities in GABAergic circuitry, deficits also found in first-degree relatives. Facial affect processing involves a distributed network of brain regions including limbic regions like amygdala and visual processing areas like fusiform cortex.
Council Post: Four Milestones On The Way To Become CTO
Dr. Ari Kahn, Bridgeline CEO. Congratulations, you're the smartest engineer on the team, or at least that's what the boss says. You deliver clean, extensible code faster than anyone else and tackle the toughest problems. It's time for a new challenge. What's next? Developers that let their skills stay static don't do themselves any favors; if you're the smartest person in the room, it's time to move to the next one. There are several paths an excellent engineer can take.
Network structure influences the strength of learned neural representations
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Trust The Science
Photo Credit: Mosaica Press Title: Rabbi Asher Weiss on Medical Halachic Issues, Volume 2 By Rav Asher Weiss Mosaica Press Rabbi Asher Weiss is one of the most prominent rabbinical scholars, teachers of Torah and poskim in the world today. This volume, his second on halachic issues related to the medical field, is a welcome and timely addition to the English-language Torah library.
Council Post: Marketers, It’s Time To Protect Yourselves From Budget Thieves
Dr. Ari Kahn, Bridgeline CEO. The martech industry is booming, with thousands of apps claiming to change the game for your business. With so many claims of “game-changing” features, how many are the real deal? We’re in a recession, so it’s time to cut through the vacuous noise of marketing fluff and stay laser-focused on your goal: growing revenue. With focus, you will come out of the recession stronger. Without focus, you won’t come out at all.
The Inflation Reduction Act Will Help Electrify Heavy-Duty Trucking
The Inflation Reduction Act’s (IRA’s) incentives for heavy-duty electric trucks could not come at a better time. The United States has over 4 million heavy-duty trucks that travel over 150 billion miles and create over 260 million tons of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per year. And trucking demand is expected to grow. With the IRA in place, the industry can dramatically decarbonize, potentially reducing its GHG emissions by 59 percent in 2035, nearly double what would happen without the IRA.
Neurophysiological Evidence for Cognitive Map Formation during Sequence Learning
Research ArticleResearch Article: New Research, Cognition and Behavior Jennifer Stiso, Christopher W. Lynn, Ari E. Kahn, Vinitha Rangarajan, Karol P. Szymula, Ryan Archer, Andrew Revell, Joel M. Stein, Brian Litt, Kathryn A. Davis, Timothy H. Lucas and Dani S. Bassett eNeuro 1 February 2022, 9 (2) ENEURO.0361-21.2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0361-21.2022 Abstract Humans deftly parse statistics from sequences.
Success and focus in martech
The marketing technology sector is growing: here’s how to keep your focus on the key goals as a marketer The marketing technology sector (martech) has exploded to encompass more than 10,000 applications in the past few years, with no sign of slowing down. Each app offers a point solution with a different angle to improve your website. Unfortunately, “improving” is often defined differently by each solution provider.
We Are In A Constant State Of Flux: This Perfectly Ties Into Sukkot
by Rabbi Ari Kahn October 06, 2020 in Featured, Holidays, Torah/Parsha lim·i·nal (ˈlimənl/) adj. 1. of or relating to a transitional or initial stage of a process. 2. occupying a position at, or on both sides of, a boundary or threshold. limen noun (plural limens or limina |ˈlimənə|) psychology a threshold below which a stimulus is not perceived or distinguished from another.
Author Correction: Human information processing in complex networks
Correction to: Nature Physics https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-020-0924-7, published online 15 June 2020. In the version of this Article originally published online, in the section ‘Efficient communication is driven by hierarchically modular structure’ the equation for entropy in the second sentence was incorrectly given as \(S = \mathop {\sum }\nolimits_i k_i\log k_i\) and should have been \(S = \frac{1}{{2E}}\mathop {\sum }\nolimits_i k_i\log k_i\). All versions of the Article have been amended.
Human information processing in complex networks
Abstract Humans communicate using systems of interconnected stimuli or concepts—from language and music to literature and science—yet it remains unclear how, if at all, the structure of these networks supports the communication of information. Although information theory provides tools to quantify the information produced by a system, traditional metrics do not account for the inefficient ways that humans process this information.
Abstract representations of events arise from mental errors in learning and memory
Abstract Humans are adept at uncovering abstract associations in the world around them, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Intuitively, learning the higher-order structure of statistical relationships should involve complex mental processes. Here we propose an alternative perspective: that higher-order associations instead arise from natural errors in learning and memory.
Why is this Passover different from all others?
For the past few weeks as the Passover holiday inched toward us, preparations for the commemoration and celebration of the holiday have given rise to growing angst. By ARI KAHN APRIL 2, 2020 06:36 Passover plate from France (photo credit: YAD VASHEM PHOTO ARCHIVES) As the world is besieged by a spreading virus, our thoughts focus on our own health, the health of our loved ones, and the health of an ailing economy, and we experience fear, loneliness and isolation.
A math loving, star-gazing mystic - the Vilna Gaon reexamined
2020 marks 300 years since we were gifted with the extraordinary Torah mind of the Vilna Gaon. By ARI KAHN JANUARY 3, 2020 08:16 Vilna Gaon (photo credit: Wikimedia Commons) In 1720, on the 15th day of the Jewish month of Nisan, the first day of Passover, a child was born in an area now known as Belarus, in a town called Sialiec (Syalets), some 300 kilometers south of a larger, more famous city that in the minds of many would forever be associated with this particular child: Vilna.
Book review: Follow the blessing - A father’s dream for Jacob and Esau
Follow the blessing: An excerpt from ‘Explorations Expanded’: A father’s dream for Jacob and Esau By ARI KAHN NOVEMBER 28, 2019 20:00 ‘Esau and Jacob reconcile,’ by Italian painter Francesco Hayez, 1844. (photo credit: Wikimedia Commons) The story of Jacob’s surreptitious acquisition of the blessings his father intended for Esau is well known. This episode, coupled with the Torah’s declaration of Isaac’s love for Esau, leads many readers to misinterpret Isaac’s feelings for each of his sons.
Role of graph architecture in controlling dynamical networks with applications to neural systems
Abstract Networked systems display complex patterns of interactions between components. In physical networks, these interactions often occur along structural connections that link components in a hard-wired connection topology, supporting a variety of system-wide dynamical behaviours such as synchronization. Although descriptions of these behaviours are important, they are only a first step towards understanding and harnessing the relationship between network topology and system behaviour.
White Matter Network Architecture Guides Direct Electrical Stimulation through Optimal State Transitions
Highlights • Tools from network control theory are extended to model empirical brain stimulation • A model of stimulation spreading along axon bundles predicts changes in activity • The model posits how brain activity and connectivity facilitate targeted stimulation Summary Optimizing direct electrical stimulation for the treatment of neurological disease remains difficult due to an incomplete understanding of its physical propagation through brain tissue.
Why Kiss the Mezuzah?
How the mezuzah provides a daily connection to spirituality. I was sitting in a coffee shop waiting for a friend; I had chosen a table with a strategic view of the door so I could spot him as soon as he arrived. Each time the door opened I quickly glanced up to see if my friend had walked in. At one point, the door opened and a very tall, attractive and immodestly dressed woman walked in. She looked like she might have been a model.
White Matter Network Architecture Guides Direct Electrical Stimulation Through Optimal State Transitions
White Matter Network Architecture Guides Direct Electrical Stimulation Through Optimal State Transitions Jennifer Stiso, Ankit N Khambhati, Tommaso Menara, Ari E Kahn, Joel M Stein, Sandihitsu R Das, Richard Gorniak, Joseph Tracy, Brian Litt, Kathryn A Davis, Fabio Pasqualetti, Timothy H Lucas, Danielle S Bassett bioRxiv 313304; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/313304
M'oray Ha'Aish Parshat Vayeira: The Chosen
The concept of "a chosen people" evinces different reactions from different people; in fact, many consider it a double-edged sword. For some, it is a source of pride, mission, and responsibility; others believe it to be a divisive and damaging concept that leads to an inflated sense of self-importance and false superiority. Perhaps a better understanding of the "chosenness" of Avraham and Sarah will help resolve this quandary. Why were Avraham, Sarah, and their descendants chosen?
Why Joe Lieberman and I think the world of Shavuot
It may seem unusual for a former United States senator to collaborate on a book with a rabbi, but when the senator involved is Joe Lieberman, it isn’t strange at all. Senator Lieberman, aside from his many other accomplishments, is also the author of “The Gift of Rest,” in which he makes a very strong argument for Sabbath observance in the modern world.
Israel at 69
“The coming into being of a Jewish state in Palestine is an event in world history to be viewed in the perspective, not of a generation or a century, but in the perspective of a thousand, two thousand, or even three thousand years.” (Winston Churchill) Israel celebrates its 69th Day of Independence this week.
10 Out-of-the-Box Dating Activities
Do you find yourself on a date sitting at a coffee shop yet again, wishing you had an idea for something better to do? Whether it's your first date or your 10th, spicing things up and trying an activity you haven’t done before will help you get to know each other on a different level. For the spontaneous couple. Go to an improv show or class or show together, then grab a coffee and chat about how much fun you had.
An Open Letter to Israeli Soldiers
I wish I could thank each one of you individually because every single of one of you has given more to our people in a few years of army service than many of us do in a lifetime. Since I can’t, I would like to give you a heartfelt tribute by sharing the inspiring story of one of our many Israeli heroes, Izzy Ezagui, the one-armed Israeli combat soldier who now speaks all over the world for the Friends of the Israeli Defense Force.
Confronting Neo-Nazis at University of Oregon
Thursday, April 20th, was a bright, sunny day at the University of Oregon in Eugene. It was also the birthday of Adolf Hitler (yimach shmo). I was inside the Student Union building as usual, meeting with one of our students, Noah. Suddenly, another student of mine, Allie, rushed over to ask me if I had seen what was going on outside. Two self-described “white nationalists” (read “Nazis”) had driven on to the campus in a van with a huge white swastika painted on a bright red background.
The Hassidic Rebbe who Pioneered Moving to Israel
Today, the first day of the Hebrew month of Iyar, marks the anniversary of the passing of one of the unsung heroes of the Jewish people’s return to the Land of Israel in the modern era. Over a century before what is commonly known as the First Aliya commenced in 1882, which brought an influx of brave and largely secular Zionist pioneers from Russia and elsewhere, the hassidic master Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk led one of the first organized group of Jewish immigrants to reach the Holy Land.
The many faces and many names of Shavuot
This coming Saturday night, the holiday of Shavuot will be celebrated by Jews all over the world, but this holiday, more than any other Jewish festival, is celebrated differently by different communities in different places.In fact, this holiday probably has more names than any other festival.
Video: I Am Israeli
Requirement to Visit Israel? I know about the importance of Israel and its centrality to our national narrative. But does the Torah require a Jew to visit Israel at least once? The Aish Rabbi Replies: I will answer your question regarding a "visit" to Israel. As for the issue of "living" in Israel, please see here for a discussion of the verse, "You shall possess the Land and dwell in it" (Numbers 33:53).
Moshe, Miriam and Prophecy
At the end of Parshat B'ha'alotcha a short episode is recounted, an episode that seems a private family matter of sibling intrigue: This section is obscure; each verse is difficult independently, and the connection between one verse and the next is also unclear. What was the problem with Moshe's choice of spouse? What is the identity of this woman? What is the connection between the marriage and the fact that Moshe was a prophet?
Rashbi and the Rainbow
After the deluge Noah emerges from his craft. The world had been punished by the wrath of God. And now God speaks: Man is given the rainbow, a breathtaking display of nature, as a sign that God will never again ravage the earth by water as a punishment for man's sins. * * * SINGLED OUT The Midrash notes that the word dorot, "generations," is written defectively. The explanation offered is that certain generations will need this sign, while others will not.
The Rabbi and the Professor
Many years ago when I was a relatively young yeshiva student I had the opportunity to study with one of the great rabbis of the previous generation. His name was Rabbi Yisroel Zeev Gustman and he may have been one of the greatest rabbis of the 20th century. He was certainly the greatest "unknown" rabbi: While he fastidiously avoided the limelight and was therefore unfamiliar to the general public, he was well known to connoisseurs of Torah learning.
Mystical Roots of Tu B'Av
On the 15th of Av, a holiday of unclear significance is commemorated -- Tu B'Av. The Mishnah's description of the import of the day contains a surprising analogy. Tu B'Av is compared with Yom Kippur, arguably the holiest day of the year: This is the concluding Mishnah of the tractate of Ta'anit, which deals with fast days.
Mystical Roots of Tu B'Av
Exploring the depth of one of the most important days of the Jewish year. On the 15th of Av, a holiday of unclear significance is commemorated -- Tu B'Av. The Mishnah's description of the import of the day contains a surprising analogy. Tu B'Av is compared with Yom Kippur, arguably the holiest day of the year: There never were in Israel greater days of joy than Tu B'Av and Yom Kippur.
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