Arial J. Shogren

1 Introduction Headwater streams comprise over 80% of global river networks (Downing et al., 2012), and are defined as low-order (i.e., first–third Strahler order, Golden et al., 2025; Vannote et al., 1980) streams that occupy the upper reaches of stream networks (Nadeau & Rains, 2007).

Environmental proteins (eProteins), such as Cry proteins associated with genetically engineered (GE) organisms, are present in ecosystems worldwide, but only rarely reach concentrations with detectable ecosystem-level impacts. Despite their ubiquity, the degradation and fate of Cry and other eProteins are mostly unknown. Here, we report the results of an experiment where we added Cry proteins leached from GE Bt maize to a suite of 19 recirculating experimental streams.

Transport of Food- and Catalytic-Grade Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Controlled Field Streams with Varying Streambed and Biofilm Conditions With the increased use of nanoparticles (NPs) in consumer, food, and pharmaceutical products, their eventual release into streams is inevitable. Critical factors affecting the transport of NPs in streams are the hyporheic exchange between the water column and porous streambed substrate and the interaction with biofilms.