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Articles by Arup Mitra
Women and Work
Revisiting Inequality Issues in the Informal Sector Gender differences within the informal labour market, where outcomes are generally poorer than in the formal sector owing to limited protection and regulation, are examined. The paper hypothesises that women are more disadvantaged than men even within this vulnerable segment.
The Industrialisation of the Workforce
Some Reflections While much is expected of industry-led growth, many factors hinder the industrialisation of the workforce. The import of technology reduces the employment content per unit of value added, while persistent skill shortages and mismatches provide impetus for rising capital intensity, and labour market regulation offers little by way of employment creation in organised manufacturing. Innovation may hold the key, providing prospects for both growth and employment generation.
West Bengal’s Industrial Drift: Stability Without Strategy
As West Bengal heads toward another election cycle, the more relevant question is not political continuity but economic outcomes. The state has had what many regions lack: long stretches of political stability. The Left Front governed for over three decades, followed by the Trinamool Congress since 2011. Stability was not the constraint. Strategy may have been. In economic theory, political stability is often seen as a prerequisite for sustained growth. West Bengal had that advantage twice over.
Are Cities in Advanced Countries Saturated in Population Size?
References , , and . 2008. “How Do Spatial and Social Proximity Influence Knowledge Flows? Evidence From Patent Data.” Journal of Urban Economics 64, no. 2: 258–269. , , , and . 2020. “Moving Towards a Sustainable Environment: The Dynamic Linkage Between Natural Resources, Human Capital, Urbanization, Economic Growth, and Ecological Footprint in China.” Resources Policy 67: 101677. , and . 2021.
Mediocrity and Its Growth
By Rose McReid Associate Editor, IndraStra Global Image Attribute: Wall Street (2011), Alex Proimos. Creative Commons Attribution ... Cover Image Attribute: New Delhi-based Centre for Land Warfare Studies' Flagship Journal; "CLAWS Journal" , hosted on IndraStr... According to the latest LiveMint report , Indian banks are currently facing a significant challenge as they grapple with the most severe dep...
Interstate Inequality in Consumption
Emerging Evidence from HCES 2022–23 Interspatial disparities across major states in India based on the consumption expenditure data for 2022–23 are analysed. It is observed that, first, consumption, more than income per capita, is supposed to be a better indicator as it directly reflects on food intake and non-food utilisation, which are connected to productivity, health, and well-being. The non-food items depict greater inequality across spaces compared to the food items.
Unleaded agriculture: Myth to reality by wetland microbial flora
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare that the manuscript is original and no parts of it has been published previously. They also declare that they do not have any conflict of interest. REFERENCES , , , & (2021). Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: Ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics, 9(3), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9030042 , & (2019).
School Education, Individual Progress and Economic Growth
By Rose McReid Associate Editor, IndraStra Global Image Attribute: Wall Street (2011), Alex Proimos. Creative Commons Attribution ... By Radhika RV Foreign or external affairs have received a great deal of attention through the ages. Though there has been no dire... Cover Image Attribute: NikolayF.com from Pixabay Fiscal policy refers to the use of government spending and taxation to influence the level ...
Inching to the ultimate state of spiritualism
What is the ultimate state of spiritualism? A definitive answer can be envisaged as the convergence of the entire universe within oneself. We know this, but to realise it and be able to unfold the manifestation to another person is the eventual attainment of spiritualism. This is evident in the Bhagwad Gita, Chapter 11, where Krishn, in order to remove Arjun’s ignorance, unfurls his Vishwaroopa, the ultimate form.
Abiotic Stress in Plants - Adaptations to Climate Change
How plants adapt to climate change is a complex and multifaceted process and understanding it requires a comprehensive knowledge of plant biology and ecology. Some of the most serious stresses that plants face include heat and water stress, soil degradation, and increased pests and diseases. Addressing these challenges is crucial to preserve lives and livelihoods and requires a combination of scie...
A Study on multiple isotherms of Cr6+ ions using Brevibacillus brevis US575 isolated from tannery effluents
New Results doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.28.542649 Abstract Various leather factories in West Bengal have resulted in an enormous amount of leather that is processed annually. Regular discharges of tannery effluents into land and open water have led to significant soil and water pollution, with one of the most dangerous inorganic pollutants being chromium (Cr). This study aims to recover the most harmful components from industrial water using efficient biosorbents.
Construction drive can lift incomes and jobs
Livelihood diversification has been argued as an effective strategy for reducing income risks and consumption fluctuations. In other words, by shifting to different economic activities across seasons/months or taking recourse to multiple activities at a given point in time, household incomes can be augmented, and the probability of facing a major decline in consumption and falling below the poverty line can be reduced.
Why is sadhana essential for spiritual growth?
A question often comes to mind: If one leads a just life, like following the basic tenets of a principled life, such as honesty, love for truth and compassion, is it then necessary to make spiritual efforts to attain divinity? Yes, by simply taking recourse to righteousness, one cannot attain divinity. Actually, the whole objective of human life is to attain divinity, the earlier it happens in life, the better.
BOOK REVIEW | Guruji: Life and Spiritualism
Take the Gita or Durga Saptasati; the ever-assuring lines claim that the manifestation of God on earth is possible again and again. As per the requirements of human society, incarnations and arrivals of divine souls do take place from time to time. The class of ‘nitya siddha’ remains always connected to divinity. Even when pursuing certain daily paraphernalia, individuals belonging to this class are always engrossed in deep contemplation.
Livelihood Volatility in the Urban Labour Market : Reflections from the Quarterly Panel Data (PLFS, 2017–18)
This paper aims at capturing the labour market volatility, which is conceptualised in terms of the lack of sustainable sources of livelihood across different quarters in a year. Though we were unable to identify the number of times workers change their jobs, the change in the job status, which cannot occur unless the job changes, unravels important findings as retrieved from the repeated survey of the same households over different quarters.
Understanding inflation expectations
Opinion These vary in terms of gender, and according to whether necessities or discretionary spending is tracked Milton Freidman famously said, “Inflation is taxation without legislation”. The impact of inflation — the overall increase in prices in an economy — is felt by everyone. High inflation adversely affects the poor, even making necessities unaffordable in certain situations. Individuals, therefore, form expectations about how prices will behave in the future to take precautions.
Anchoring inflationary expectations
Milton Friedman famously said, 'Inflation is taxation without legislation.' The impact of inflation — the overall increase in the prices in an economy — is felt by everyone. High inflation adversely affects the poor. Individuals, therefore, form expectations about how prices will behave in the future to take precautions. If they anticipate high inflation, they negotiate wages or rents to compensate against a potential fall in their purchasing power.
Responsibility of a Teacher and Kashmir Issues
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Reliability of PLFS 2019-20 Data
Reliability of PLFS 2019–20 Data The April–June (2020) quarterly data for the urban sector showed a massive decline in the workforce participation rate and a huge increase in the unemployment rate. Still, the annual average work participation rate rose sharply in 2019–20 compared to the earlier two rounds of the Periodic Labour Force Survey estimates, and the average unemployment rate declined somewhat.
How Unstable Are the Sources of Livelihood? : Analysis Based on Periodic Labour Force Survey 2017–18 Data
Analysis Based on Periodic Labour Force Survey 2017–18 Data How Unstable Are the Sources of Livelihood? This paper, based on the data from the annual Periodic Labour Force Survey, reflects on the lack of sustainable sources of livelihood and the phenomenon of multiple activities pursued simultaneously. A thorough analysis of the quarterly data suggests that in the rural areas, workers largely dependent on agriculture are compelled to shift to other activities in the off season.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Livelihood Loss : Lessons for the Future
Though the rural to all-urban area migration is moderate in the Indian context, the rural to city, particularly the large ones, migration has been considerably high. The agglomeration economies operating in large cities result in higher productivity gains, part of which is transferred to the workers in terms of higher wages, which tend to act as pull factor in the process of migration.
We can mitigate challenges through cooperation
Indic tradition always believed in collective welfare which encompasses not only humans but also all species, fauna and flora. Since all are interconnected, a shock at any point is seamlessly transmitted to any other point as we live in a globalised world. Vedantic tradition visualised the entire universe as manifestation of Brahmn. Different forms exist but the origin is the same and the presence in every form is the same.
Sustainable prosperity
Disease environment is a major determinant of economic performance both at the macro and individual level. While advancements in medical science can control public health to an extent and contribute to economic prosperity, mental well-being with which physical fitness is strongly associated is at times beyond medical treatment. The School of Yoga school tries to reflect on this aspect directly.
The greatest optimism
With limited resources, we want to attain unlimited growth in the material world, and, for this, we depend greatly on advancements in knowledge. As technological progress takes place, the same amount of resources enables us to attain higher returns. The same principle works in the spiritual world, too. We are born with limited capabilities — physical and mental — but our journey stretches to the vastness. We are mortals, but we aspire for immortality.
Invoke The Precious Memory Of Self-realisation
That which is truth, eternal and joyful, comes to realisation only for a while, disappearing behind the cover of daily trifles that life is generally used to. Repeatedly, mundane affairs divert the mind and engage it in stereotypes, concealing the experience of Self-realisation and its impact. So it is individual effort which is very important to keep a strong watch on the Self and maintain mind focus on the attainment of the real goal.
Invoke the precious memory of self-realisation
By Arup Mitra That which is truth, eternal and joyful, comes to realisation only for a while, disappearing behind the cover of daily trifles that life is generally used to. Repeatedly, mundane affairs divert the mind and engage it in stereotypes, concealing the experience of Self-realisation and its impact. So it is individual effort which is very important to keep a strong watch on the Self and maintain mind focus on attainment of the real goal.
Gather Forces To Fight Corruption
Editorial by Arup Mitra
Rising Unemployment in India : A Statewise Analysis from 1993–94 to 2017–18
The rise in the unemployment rate in the recent years along with its convergence across states could be an indicator of a positive change in the economy. Its association with educational attainments and urbanisation is testimony to the brighter side of the development story of India.
Stay Cool In Good And Bad Times
Whos is a sthita pragya? It means one whose pragya, scholarship, is stable; one who does not get affected by praise or negative comments, as he is aware of the transitory nature of both. Hence, he does not allow his decision to get affected by either type of remarks. There are people who praise you at times with all sincerity and selflessly. One must acknowledge that with all humility because ignoring it completely may appear to be impolite and arrogant.
Stay cool in good and bad times
By Arup Mitra Who is a sthita pragya? It means one whose pragya, scholarship, is stable; one who does not get affected by praise or negative comments, as he is aware of the transitory nature of both. Hence, he does not allow his decision to get affected by either type of the remarks. There are people who praise you at times with all sincerity and selflessly. One must acknowledge that with all humility because ignoring it completely may appear to be impolite and arrogant.
Is It Possible To Attain Perpetual Joy?
Perpetual joy is independent of the material state an individual may be in. Joy is something that originates without material cause. The biggest wonder is that it can be achieved in the mortal world with your mortal body. Rabindranath Tagore says, “I have got the invitation to join the ananda-yagya”. Sant Kabir mentions bliss and joy which can be experienced in the performance of abhyas or meditation.
Lyrics, Expressions And Attainments
ARUP MITRA likens dance to the ultimate yoga of realisation Like music, dance too can have a tremendous impact on the physical and mental well-being of the one who performs and the one who watches. Silence speaks much more than words. The dancer does not speak himself but emotions expressed through body, footwork and different poses combine magnificently to generate a unique impact on the dancer and the observer.
Highest Form Of Sadhana
Dance is the highest form of yoga. In one go, you discipline your body and the breathing process, and also purify the mind; it’s a quantum movement beyond the self. The nerves receive adequate blood flow from the physical point of view and the mystic impact of different postures and mudras on them can be felt in terms of ethereal joy. Such a joy has no reason to justify its origin and generation.
Not all gloom 'n' doom: Is the job scene in India bad?
In 2017-18, the number of unemployed have more than doubled from 10.8 million in 2011-12 to 28.5 million. , ET Bureau | Aug 19, 2019, 11.33 PM IST Getty Images In a country like India, it’s difficult to afford staying unemployed for long. Going by National Statistical Office's (NSO's) Periodic Labour Force Survey 2017-18, the all-India unemployment rate stands at 6.1%.
The Third Approach To Science
Both physics and metaphysics are necessary for human progress, writes ARUP MITRA While one stream subscribed to the ‘conflict thesis’ looking at science and religion; another stream interpreted both as non-overlapping, addressing separate forms of knowledge and different aspects of life; while the third envisaged a great deal of overlaps and interdependencebetween the two.
Origins Of The Universe And Consciousness
Like a huge tree emerges from a tiny seed the vast universe is said to have originated from a tiny egg-like structure, as per the perception of ancient Indic philosophers. The big bang theory too suggests that the present vastness has emerged from a tiny and compressed hot, dense mass. The discovery of the remnant heat following the big bang which is known as cosmic microwave background radiation and which is present uniformly everywhere, is a recent one.
Follow a chosen path to eternal bliss
By Arup Mitra What could lead us to the state of eternal bliss? Rationalisation and withdrawal from the impact of the affairs of the material world is what jnana margis, followers of the path of knowledge, would suggest. The bhakti badis, followers of the path of devotion, would rely on the emotional bonding with their personal god to experience ethereal joy. The whole universe can be taken as a manifestation of the infinite consciousness and one may dwell in it.
ICT Revolution, Digitisation and Growth
by Sanchita Bhattacharya and Arup Mitra Resource-intensive growth is not desirable for most of the developing countries as serious trade-offs are involved between the present and future growth outcomes. Non-resource driven growth is the key to economic prosperity and rise in competitiveness and exports. But then the substantial question arises as to what is the driver of non-resource driven growth.
Purity of mind, intellect and soul
By Arup Mitra Pure mind, intellect and soul tend to converge, said Ramakrishna. Pure mind entertains pure thoughts and the rest is overlooked but not suppressed because suppression raises the probability of reappearance. It encourages and guides to pursue action for the well-being of society. Desire and greed-based action may add to the accumulated stock of luxury but it binds the mind to the possession one has.
Book review - Subaltern Urbanisation in India: An Introduction to the Dynamics of Ordinary Towns
Subaltern Urbanisation in India: An Introduction to the Dynamics of Ordinary Towns Edited by Eric Denis & Marie-Hélène Zérah and reviewed by Gregory F Randolph Springer: New Delhi, 2017; 614 pp.: 978-81-322-3614-6, £109.99 (hbk) While half the world’s city dwellers reside in small and medium-sized towns (United Nations, 2018), the urban social sciences remain stubbornly focused on the planet’s largest metropolitan areas.
Striving to seek the unknown eternal
Change is the basic truth of our existence. The entire cosmos is changing every moment. In this process of unending change, the human mind extends itself to seek that which is unchangeable. The senses have limitations but the capacity to go beyond experience does exist in us. As Rabindranath Tagore says, within the limited spheres of what we have known, we are able to perceive the unknown. The biggest wonder is that within the domestic exists the universal,.
Seek the simple and straightforward path
For spiritual attainment every religion insists on truthfulness. That is because by taking recourse to truth, our mind remains simple. And only simplicity can get you to the highest level. The more we deviate from simplicity, greater is the difficulty to get back to the short and straightforward route. One diversion leads to another, one mistake leads to another, andthe outcome is that we are caught in a web. The more we struggle, the more we get stuck. Meditation is a process to sustain simplicity.
Celebrate the auspicious and the inauspicious
No one and nothing, gets left out. This is because inclusiveness is the essence of Indic philosophy. Not only every object and every living being; all attributes are being considered. So, the concept of inclusiveness applies to the physical and mental planes and much beyond, that may yet be inconceivable to the human mind. Even when it comes to rituals, this concept is made functional.
Japan needs to diversify its export market
The unemployment rate in Japan has been an important issue. It cannot be treated as a critical minimum because in absolute terms it means a huge number. In an economy where the cost of living (including housing) is enormously large, an unemployment rate of around 3% does pose a matter of serious concern. The economic growth does not seem to be sustainable and its volatility has tremendous impact on employment aspects.
Time for a policy shift
Ever since E.F. Schumacher, a British economist, published in 1973 his book Small is Beautiful, implying that small units are better in terms of performance indicators and labour absorption, several studies have endorsed the same idea and argued in favour of promoting small units. Stretching the argument a little further, it may be emphasised that small units are the epicentres of pro-poor growth.
Do neighbourhood facilities matter for slum housing? Evidence from Indian slum clusters
Slum dwellers in developing countries reside in inhuman conditions, with little provision of basic facilities and with considerable overlap between sources of drinking water supply, sewerage and the area for garbage disposal. Is it because clean environment does not enter their decision function for residence selection or is it simply non-affordability? We examine these questions in the context of the registered slum clusters of four Indian cities – Mathura, Ujjain, Jaipur and Ludhiana.
Do neighbourhood facilities matter for slum housing? Evidence from Indian slum clusters
Ahmad, S (2015) Housing demand and housing policy in urban Bangladesh. Urban Studies 52(4): 738–755. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI Ahmad, S, Mack, JC, Jinsoo, K (2013) Quantitative and qualitative demand for slum and non-slum housing in Delhi: Empirical evidences from household data. Habitat International 38: 90–99. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI Alonso, WA (1964) Location and Land Use: Toward a General Theory of Land Rent. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Migration helps, but not too much
India’s urbanisation has been quite low, compared with its peers. It increased sluggishly from 17.29 per cent in 1951 to 27.76 per cent in 2001 and 31.16 per cent in 2011. However, the rate of growth of urban population has been quite high. And this tends to create significant pressure on infrastructure. The number of cities and towns has also gone up considerably over the years, particularly over the past decade: from 5,161 in 2001 to 7,935 in 2011.
Sprouting of a thousand small towns
The advocates of balanced urbanisation often oppose population concentration in a handful of large urban centres. But it is difficult to ignore the positive outcomes associated with population concentration. Productivity gains are higher in large urban settlements and thus there is a tendency for firms to reap locational advantages.
NGOs fall short as agents of change
Ruling authoritarian regimes are being increasingly challenged by civil society organisations since the 1980s. Grassroots-level participation is being seen as a major social and political agent of change and an important instrument in the democratisation process, particularly in the developing world. The role of government may be justified to ensure that, at the very least, those with meagre resources do not get excluded from the process, and the benefits, of growth.
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