Asomi College

Background Lower limb arthroplasty (LLA), including total hip and total knee arthroplasty (THA and TKA), ranks among the most frequently performed elective orthopedic procedures worldwide. Patients on surgical waiting lists commonly present with reduced muscle strength, impaired mobility, and diminished cardiorespiratory fitness, all associated with delayed postoperative recovery.

1. Introduction Maternal and neonatal mortality continue to be significant global concerns, with a woman or newborn dying every 7 s during pregnancy, childbirth, or the early postnatal period (1). The first 1,000 days of life, which encompasses pregnancy and the early years, is a crucial period for lifelong health (2–4). During this time, there is an increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases.