Attila Oláh

1Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria 2Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), University of Toulouse, CNRS UMR5051, INSERM UMR1291, Toulouse, France 3Small Animal Clinic, University of Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France 4Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary Publication History: Published online January 20, 2026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2025.12.004...

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.

1. Introduction Contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) is a dreadful complication characterized by a rapid deterioration of renal function within 72 h after administrating the iodine contrast medium (1). The incidence of CA-AKI has increased recently following the widespread application of coronary angiography (CAG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to diagnose and treat coronary artery disease (CAD) (2).