Aubrey Foulk

1 Introduction Accurately assessing current and future thermal risk levels remains a central concern in climate change ecology (Pigot et al., 2023; Pottier et al., 2025; Sully et al., 2022; Trew & Maclean, 2021). While global temperatures show an increasing upward trend, heterogeneity in space and time can be high, with some areas changing much more rapidly than others (Seabra et al., 2019).