Ayken Askapuli

Introduction The Mongol Empire developed by Genghis Khan and his descendants had a profound impact on the political and economic order of Eurasia. In the peaceful period termed as the Pax Mongolica following its conquest, the Mongol Empire contributed significantly to the development of political institutions, economic relations, and cultural diversity of the region1, thereby facilitating transregional relations and trade between Asia and Europe2,3.

Haplogroup C. Haplogroup C mtDNAs are found in human populations throughout Asia and the Americas [12, 15, 25, 51, 58]. In Jetisuu Kazak populations, seventeen individuals harbored haplogroup C mtDNAs, which represented 8.5% of the total sample size (Table 1). Except for C1, which is an American branch [59], all major sub-branches of haplogroup C appeared in the Jetisuu Kazak populations, including C4, C5, and C7.