Aymé Escobar Díaz

You are already at the latest version Hate speech on social media reproduces norms of inequality and gender stereotypes, disproportionately affecting women. This study proposes a hybrid approach that integrates emotional tone classification with explicit hostility detection to strengthen preventive moderation. We constructed a corpus from three open datasets (1,236,371 records; 1,003,991 after ETL) and represented the text using TF-IDF and contextual RoBERTa embeddings.

This version is not peer-reviewed. Aymé Escobar Díaz,Ricardo Rivadeneira,Walter Fuertes  * Aymé Escobar Díaz,Ricardo Rivadeneira,Walter Fuertes  * Submitted: 30 October 2025 You are already at the latest version Hate speech is a form of communicative expression that promotes or incites unjustified violence. The increase in hate speech on social media has prompted the development of automated tools for its detection, especially those that integrate emotional tone analysis.