Aymerick Bussien

1 Introduction About one-third of the market-approved pharmaceutical products made in cell-based systems are produced in microbial expression systems, particularly in Escherichia coli (E. coli) (Walsh and Walsh 2022). Despite potential performance advantages during cultivation (Demain and Vaishnav 2009), heterologous expression in microbial systems often leads to the formation of insoluble protein aggregates known as inclusion bodies (IBs) (Bhatwa et al. 2021).