Ayoub Moubareck

1 Introduction Nowadays, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) represent a serious health concern worldwide, causing a distressing burden on morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs, and contributing to the socio-economic and public health consequences of antimicrobial resistance (1, 2).

1 Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is of significant concern globally as infections caused by resistant pathogens are associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality as well as increased healthcare costs (1).

1 Introduction Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of disease in children and adults with associated high burden of morbidity and mortality. In 2015, the global mortality rate attributed to pneumococcal infection was 45 deaths (29-56) per 100,000 among children aged 1–59 months (1). The spectrum of clinical manifestations ranges from non-invasive disease such as otitis media, to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) such as meningitis and bacteremia.