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Articles by B. Ravikumar
Effect of cryo-Rolling on the Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
This version is not peer-reviewed. Vaibhav Gaur *,Biraj Kumar Sahoo,Raj Das,B. RaviKumar * Vaibhav Gaur *,Biraj Kumar Sahoo,Raj Das,B. RaviKumar * Submitted: 21 September 2025 Posted: 23 September 2025 You are already at the latest version Ti-6Al-4V is valued for its strength-to-weight ratio in engineering applications. Cryo-rolling at sub-zero temperatures enhances strength and hardness through grain refinement and dislocation build-up.
Trade and inequality in an overlapping generations model with capital accumulation
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare no conflict of interest. REFERENCES , , , & (2022) Imports, exports, and earnings inequality: measures of exposure and estimates of incidence. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 137(3), 1553–1614. & (2003) Gravity with gravitas: a solution to the border puzzle. American Economic Review, 93(1), 170–192. (1969) A theory of demand for products distinguished by place of production. Staff Papers-International Monetary Fund, 16(1), 159–178.
Convergence or Divergence? A Look at GDP Growth across Richer and Poorer Countries
Real national income per person or, equivalently, real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is a popular measure of economic development. Typically, higher levels of GDP per capita are associated with higher standards of living. For example, in 2022, the U.S. had a GDP per capita of $76,320, while Cameroon, a less developed economy, had a GDP per capita of only $1,500.
How the Big Mac Index Relates to Overall Consumer Inflation
The Big Mac index was created by The Economist magazine as an informal way of measuring the purchasing power parity between different countries and currencies. The idea is that in every country, the Big Mac sold at McDonald’s is the same. The price of the Big Mac should reflect the local price of ingredients, wages and other expenses like advertising. Therefore, even though the Big Mac sandwich is the same in every country, its price differs.
The Role of Infant Mortality in Closing the Life Expectancy Gap
Life expectancy in rich countries is generally higher than it is in poor countries, but the gap in life expectancy between rich and poor countries has been closing over the past 50 years. Several economists have noted this cross-country convergence in life expectancy.1 Life expectancy in a given year is the additional number of years that a person at a given age could expect to live on average given the age-specific survival rates in that year.
What Has Been Driving World Population Growth?
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, there was major concern about the growing population. The concern came from a book, The Population Bomb by Paul Ehrlich, that argued that the world’s population was growing too fast due to rising birth rates and that the earth would not be able to support the population. However, over the last six decades, the world’s population has more than doubled, despite the world’s birth rate falling from about 3.2% in 1960 to about 1.7% in 2022.
Who’s Driving a Recent Decline in Life Expectancy?
From 1950 to 2019, life expectancy steadily increased in the U.S., as well as in other countries in the G-7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the U.K.). However, life expectancy then declined in many of these countries from 2019 to 2021. The declines from 2019 to 2020 and again from 2020 to 2021 represented the biggest two-year drop in life expectancy in the U.S. since the early 1920s, and it brought U.S. life expectancy to its lowest level since 1996.
How the Death Rate Affects the Aging of the US Population
In 1950, the proportion of people 65 years of age and over in the US was 8.2%. By 2019, that proportion had increased to 15.8%.
TFP, Capital Deepening, and Gains from Trade
Abstract Using a dynamic, multicountry model with capital accumulation, we compute the exact transition paths for 93 countries following a permanent, uniform, unanticipated trade liberalization and calculate the resulting welfare gains from trade. We find that while the dynamic gains are different across countries, consumption transition paths look similar except for scale. In addition, dynamic gains accrue gradually and are about 60 percent of steady-state gains for every country.
Geographic Dispersion in U.S. Employment
Employment statistics often receive notable attention as economic indicators during times of stress, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic. In an ever-changing economy, employment varies significantly across the more than 3,000 counties in the United States. Most employment is concentrated in a few areas, with large areas of little employment in between. Figure 1 uses 2020 nonfarm payroll employment data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis to exhibit this phenomenon.
Geographic Dispersion in COVID-19 Death Rates across the United States
The death toll of COVID-19 in the United States has exceeded 107,000 as of early June 2020. While the total number is a grim milestone, it is disparately spread across the United States. Some regions, like San Luis Obispo, California, with a population of 283,111, experienced only one death as of June 3—a death rate of 0.0035 per 1,000 persons—while others, like New York, New York, experienced a death rate of 13.31 per 1,000 persons.
COVID-19 Cases and Deaths: Comparing the Eighth Federal Reserve District and the U.S.
The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis is part of the Eighth District of the Federal Reserve System.1 It includes 339 counties and has a total population of 14.78 million people. Tracking the past paths of COVID-19 cases and deaths could suggest a lower bound on what to expect for states in the Eighth District as they ease stay-at-home restrictions. Figures 1 and 2 track the path of COVID-19 cases in the Eighth District over roughly the past six weeks.
Is the US looking like Italy? Projections on COVID-19 death rates
Is the US looking like Italy? Projections on COVID-19 death rates B. Ravikumar, Guillaume Vandenbroucke 17 April 2020 This column uses the actual number of COVID-19-related deaths to calculate projections for the US based on other countries’ experiences. Editors' note: This post originally appeared April 13 on the St. Louis Fed’s On the Economy blog: Is the U.S. Looking Like Italy? Projections on COVID-19 Death Rates.
COVID-19 Preliminary Research Print 10
Research Home > COVID-19 Resources > Preliminary Print Daily Data and Projections on COVID-19 Death Rates by B. Ravikumar and G. Vandenbroucke posted online March 30, 2020 updated April 16, 2020 Note: An On the Economy blog post with additional explanation of this data was published on April 13: Is the U.S. Looking Like Italy? Projections on COVID-19 Death Rates Chart 1 The U.S. population is 327 million. As of March 21, 2020, the U.S. had 327 deaths related to COVID-19.
Daily Data and Projections on the Spread of COVID-19
Research Home > COVID-19 Resources > Preliminary Print Daily Data and Projections on COVID-19 Death Rates by B. Ravikumar and G. Vandenbroucke posted online March 30, 2020 updated May 1, 2020 Note: An On the Economy blog post with additional explanation of this data was published on April 13: Is the U.S. Looking Like Italy? Projections on COVID-19 Death Rates Chart 1 The U.S. population is 327 million. As of March 21, 2020, the U.S. had 327 deaths related to COVID-19.
Geographic Disparity in U.S. Output
Gross domestic product (GDP) is probably the most familiar statistic that economists use to measure economic performance. Often it is cited at the national level, but output is not evenly distributed across the U.S. The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) recently released data on county-level GDP, allowing us to investigate the geographic distribution of output at a finer level.
Value-Added Trade Vs. Gross Trade - A Different Ballgame
The rise of globalization has led to increasingly complicated supply chains. Raw materials and intermediate goods now move strategically throughout the world before a final good reaches the consumer. Traditional measures of trade often do a poor job of capturing this complexity. For example, when Mexico assembles a vehicle, only one-third of the vehicle’s value is derived from Mexican parts and labor.
Value-Added Trade vs. Gross Trade
The rise of globalization has led to increasingly complicated supply chains. Raw materials and intermediate goods now move strategically throughout the world before a final good reaches the consumer. Traditional measures of trade often do a poor job of capturing this complexity. For example, when Mexico assembles a vehicle, only one-third of the vehicle's value is derived from Mexican parts and labor.
THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF TANGIBILITY AND RELIABILITY IN THE PATIENTS PERCEPTION OF HEALTHCARE QUALITY ON PATIENTS SATISFACTION USING BAYESIAN APPROACH
Articles Archive Subject Area Indexing Aims & Scope Editorial Board For Authors Publication Fees THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF TANGIBILITY AND RELIABILITY IN THE PATIENTS PERCEPTION OF HEALTHCARE QUALITY ON PATIENTS SATISFACTION USING BAYESIAN APPROACH B. Ravikumar 1 ; M. Subbiah 2 ; G.
Potassium hydroxide mount with cellophane adhesive tape: a method for direct diagnosis of dermatophyte skin infections
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount is a simple and rapid procedure that can be performed with minimal resources and provides results within 1–2 h. To further optimize KOH mount using transparent cellophane tape to ascertain fungal elements, even by inexperienced personnel. A split‐body study was conducted on 100 patients with tinea cruris. Conventional scrape method was performed on the right side and the cellophane tape method on the left.
Have Recent Labor Market Regulations Slowed the Recovery?
Some pundits have asserted that labor market regulations, such as the Affordable Care Act and the increase in the minimum wage, have slowed the recovery after the 2007-09 recession. 1 The fundamental premise is that recent labor market regulations have increased labor costs and, as a result, employers have been reluctant to hire workers. What do we see if we compare labor costs after the 2007-09 recession with labor costs after the 2001 recession?
Have Recent Labor Market Regulations Slowed the Recovery? - St. Louis Business Journal
The Claim Some pundits have asserted that labor market regulations, such as the Affordable Care Act and the increase in the minimum wage, have slowed the recovery after the 2007-09 recession. 1 The fundamental premise is that recent labor market regulations have increased labor costs and, as a result, employers have been reluctant to hire workers. The Data What do we see if we compare labor costs after the 2007-09 recession with labor costs after the 2001 recession?
Labor Compensation and Labor Productivity: Recent Recoveries and the Long-Term Trend
Labor compensation has grown slowly during the recovery of the U.S. economy from the 2007-09 recession. Real labor compensation per hour in the nonfarm business sector was 0.5 percent lower 20 quarters after the start of the recovery.1 The sluggish growth in labor compensation was one of the biggest concerns for monetary policymakers (Yellen, 2015). As recently as June 2016, Fed Chair Janet Yellen (2016) remarked that signs that labor compensation growth might be picking up are tentative.
Secular Stagnation and Returns on Capital
Returns on government debt bear little resemblance to returns on productive capital. There has been an outpouring of chat in both policy circles and the blogosphere concerning “secular stagnation.” Alvin Hansen coined the term in his 1938 American Economic Association presidential address (Hansen, 1939), and Lawrence Summers (2014) resurrected it in reference to the sluggish recovery from the Great Recession. (A Google search of “secular stagnation” will provide a lifetime of reading.
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