Baraq Ghaleb

1. Introduction The proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to the integration of countless devices into networked environments, enabling unprecedented levels of connectivity and automation. However, this vast network of interconnected devices also introduces significant security challenges, particularly in the context of data transmission and network integrity.

1. Introduction Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) were originally conceptualized by the U.S. DOD in the 1970s with the introduction of the Packet Radio Network [1]. However, technological limitations at the time, such as bulky equipment and power constraints, hindered their practical implementation. Recent advancements in WiFi technology and the proliferation of WiFi-enabled devices have fueled the resurgence of interest in infrastructure-less networks like MANETs [2].

1. Introduction Due to recent technological advancements in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), the Internet of Things has been extensively utilized in various application domains, i.e., home automation, manufacturing, smart cities, etc. These networks consist of smart devices, preferably equipped with embedded sensors and actuators, enabling them to interact with physical phenomena and report them to the respective server module after a defined time interval [1,2].