Barbara Fiasca

1 Introduction Spatially accurate occurrence data are pivotal in ecology and conservation, allowing us to explore the drivers of species distribution, disentangle the factors structuring biotic communities, assess the anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity and ultimately define conservation targets (Rondinini et al. 2006; Ducatez, Tingley, and Shine 2014; Naimi et al. 2014; Console et al. 2020).

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The TS area is a spring complex at the boundary of the karstic Gran Sasso Aquifer (GSA) located in the Gran Sasso Massif in central Italy (Apennines mountain range), featuring the highest peak south of the Alps (Corno Grande, 2922?m a.s.l.) and characterised by a high- to moderate-altitude montane landscape with low human impact. The GSA is a fractured aquifer with fast-flowing sections (karstic conduits) and interconnected small chambers14.