Barbara Holland

I. INTRODUCTION The motivation for developing multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods is now broadly appreciated (Adams & Collyer, 2018; Uyeda, Caetano & Pennell, 2015; Uyeda, Zenil-Ferguson & Pennell, 2018; Garamszegi, 2014).

Abstract The genetic architecture of adaptation varies across species, populations, and traits. While existing models capture aspects like the number of loci, effect sizes, and allele frequencies, they often overlook the molecular processes underlying trait expression.

Abstract The tempo and mode of adaptation is dependent on the availability of beneficial alleles. Genetic interactions arising from gene networks can restrict this availability. However, the extent to which networks affect adaptation remains inconclusive. Current models of evolution consider additive genotype-phenotype relationships while often ignoring the contribution to phenotypic variance arising from gene interactions.