Barbara Nancy Barile

1 Introduction Physiological processes in the brain involve the movement of ions and molecules inside and outside cells within the central nervous system (CNS). The osmotic balance of the extracellular fluid and the maintenance of cell volume are influenced by the generation of transient osmotic micro-gradients of ions and molecules, generated by neural cell activity [1].

1 Introduction Olfaction is one of the most ancient sensory systems, and its functional unit, the olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) is located in the olfactory epithelium (OE) (Buck and Axel 1991; Niimura 2012; Arguello et al. 2021). Since the initial description of the OE, cell types other than OSNs, such as sustentacular cells (SUSs), have been identified (Allison 1953).

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